对经济决策的及时数据分析的需求促使大多数经济学家和政策制定者搜索非传统补充数据来源。在这种情况下，正在探索文本数据以丰富传统数据源，因为它易于收集和高度丰富。我们的工作着重于研究文本数据的潜力，特别是新闻文章，以衡量经济政策不确定性（EPU）。经济政策的不确定性被定义为公众无法在新政策和未来经济基本面下预测其决策的结果。量化EPU对政策制定者，经济学家和投资者非常重要，因为它影响了他们对未来经济基本面的期望，并影响其政策，投资和储蓄决策。以前使用新闻文章来衡量EPU的大多数工作都是手册或基于简单的关键字搜索。我们的工作提出了一种基于机器学习的解决方案，涉及较弱的监督，以将新闻文章分类为经济政策不确定性。薄弱的监督被证明是一种有效的机器学习范式，用于在没有或稀缺训练集的低资源设置中应用机器学习模型，利用领域知识和启发式方法。我们进一步产生了基于监督的EPU指数，我们用来进行大量计量经济学分析以及爱尔兰宏观经济指标，以验证我们生成的指数是否预示了较高的宏观经济性能。

多模型对现实世界应用的承诺激发了可视化和理解其内部力学的研究，其最终目标是使利益相关者能够可视化模型行为，执行模型调试并促进对机器学习模型的信任。但是，现代的多模型模型通常是黑盒神经网络，这使得了解其内部力学变得具有挑战性。我们如何能在这些模型中可视化多模式相互作用的内部建模？我们的论文旨在通过提出Multiviz来填补这一空白，这是一种通过将可解释性问题分为4个阶段来分析多模型模型行为的方法：（1）单峰的重要性：每种模式如何有助于下游建模和预测，（2）交叉交叉。 - 模式相互作用：不同模态如何相互关系，（3）多模式表示：如何在决策级特征中表示单峰和跨模式的交互作用，以及（4）多模式预测：决策级特征如何组成以制造一个预言。 Multiviz旨在在不同的模式，模型，任务和研究领域进行操作。通过对6个现实世界任务的8个训练模型的实验，我们表明，Multiviz中的互补阶段共同使用户能够（1）模拟模型预测，（2）将可解释的概念分配给功能，（3）对模型错误分析执行错误分析，（4）使用错误分析到调试模型的见解。 Multiviz公开可用，将定期使用新的解释工具和指标进行更新，并欢迎社区的意见。

人类机器人的互动，其中具有一定级别的自治水平的机器人与人类相互作用以实现特定目标，这已经取得了许多最新进展。随着自主机器人的引入以及在不久的将来广泛使用人们的可能性，至关重要的是，人类在与它们互动的同时了解机器人的意图，因为这将促进人类机器人信任的发展。近年来，研究人员引入了对信任的新概念化，将人类机器人互动的信任视为多维性质。归因于信任的两个主要方面是绩效信任和道德信任。我们旨在设计一个实验，以调查搜索和救援场景中侵犯性能违法和道德信任的后果。我们想看看是否有两个类似的机器人失败，一种是由侵犯性能违规而引起的，另一种是由道德信任违规引起的，对人类的信任产生了明显的影响。除此之外，我们计划开发一个界面，使我们能够调查将界面的模式从网格世界情景（2D环境）变为现实模拟（3D环境）是否会影响人类对任务的看法和机器人故障的影响关于人类的信任。

许多智能交通系统是多种代理系统，即交​​通参与者和运输基础设施内的子系统都可以被建模为互动代理。使用基于AI的方法在不同的代理系统之间实现协调可以提供更好的安全系统，这些运输系统仅包含人类操作车辆的运输系统，并在交通吞吐量，传感范围和启用协作任务方面提高系统效率。然而，增加的自主权使运输基础设施容易受到损害的车辆代理或基础设施。本文通过将信托权限嵌入运输基础设施来系统地量化称为主观逻辑的认知逻辑来系统地量化代理商的可信度来提出新的框架。在本文中，我们提出了以下新的贡献：（i）我们提出了一个框架，以利用代理商的量化可靠性来实现信任感知的协调和控制。 （ii）我们展示如何使用基于强化学习的方法来综合信任感知控制器。 （iii）我们全面分析了自主交叉口管理（AIM）案例研究，并制定了一个名为AIM-Trust的信任知识版本，导致在由可信和不受信任的代理商的混合中的情景中导致事故率降低。

The success of neural networks builds to a large extent on their ability to create internal knowledge representations from real-world high-dimensional data, such as images, sound, or text. Approaches to extract and present these representations, in order to explain the neural network's decisions, is an active and multifaceted research field. To gain a deeper understanding of a central aspect of this field, we have performed a targeted review focusing on research that aims to associate internal representations with human understandable concepts. In doing this, we added a perspective on the existing research by using primarily deductive nomological explanations as a proposed taxonomy. We find this taxonomy and theories of causality, useful for understanding what can be expected, and not expected, from neural network explanations. The analysis additionally uncovers an ambiguity in the reviewed literature related to the goal of model explainability; is it understanding the ML model or, is it actionable explanations useful in the deployment domain?

Many problems in machine learning involve bilevel optimization (BLO), including hyperparameter optimization, meta-learning, and dataset distillation. Bilevel problems consist of two nested sub-problems, called the outer and inner problems, respectively. In practice, often at least one of these sub-problems is overparameterized. In this case, there are many ways to choose among optima that achieve equivalent objective values. Inspired by recent studies of the implicit bias induced by optimization algorithms in single-level optimization, we investigate the implicit bias of gradient-based algorithms for bilevel optimization. We delineate two standard BLO methods -- cold-start and warm-start -- and show that the converged solution or long-run behavior depends to a large degree on these and other algorithmic choices, such as the hypergradient approximation. We also show that the inner solutions obtained by warm-start BLO can encode a surprising amount of information about the outer objective, even when the outer parameters are low-dimensional. We believe that implicit bias deserves as central a role in the study of bilevel optimization as it has attained in the study of single-level neural net optimization.

An expansion of aberrant brain cells is referred to as a brain tumor. The brain's architecture is extremely intricate, with several regions controlling various nervous system processes. Any portion of the brain or skull can develop a brain tumor, including the brain's protective coating, the base of the skull, the brainstem, the sinuses, the nasal cavity, and many other places. Over the past ten years, numerous developments in the field of computer-aided brain tumor diagnosis have been made. Recently, instance segmentation has attracted a lot of interest in numerous computer vision applications. It seeks to assign various IDs to various scene objects, even if they are members of the same class. Typically, a two-stage pipeline is used to perform instance segmentation. This study shows brain cancer segmentation using YOLOv5. Yolo takes dataset as picture format and corresponding text file. You Only Look Once (YOLO) is a viral and widely used algorithm. YOLO is famous for its object recognition properties. You Only Look Once (YOLO) is a popular algorithm that has gone viral. YOLO is well known for its ability to identify objects. YOLO V2, V3, V4, and V5 are some of the YOLO latest versions that experts have published in recent years. Early brain tumor detection is one of the most important jobs that neurologists and radiologists have. However, it can be difficult and error-prone to manually identify and segment brain tumors from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data. For making an early diagnosis of the condition, an automated brain tumor detection system is necessary. The model of the research paper has three classes. They are respectively Meningioma, Pituitary, Glioma. The results show that, our model achieves competitive accuracy, in terms of runtime usage of M2 10 core GPU.

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language understanding and generation, but the quality bar for medical and clinical applications is high. Today, attempts to assess models' clinical knowledge typically rely on automated evaluations on limited benchmarks. There is no standard to evaluate model predictions and reasoning across a breadth of tasks. To address this, we present MultiMedQA, a benchmark combining six existing open question answering datasets spanning professional medical exams, research, and consumer queries; and HealthSearchQA, a new free-response dataset of medical questions searched online. We propose a framework for human evaluation of model answers along multiple axes including factuality, precision, possible harm, and bias. In addition, we evaluate PaLM (a 540-billion parameter LLM) and its instruction-tuned variant, Flan-PaLM, on MultiMedQA. Using a combination of prompting strategies, Flan-PaLM achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on every MultiMedQA multiple-choice dataset (MedQA, MedMCQA, PubMedQA, MMLU clinical topics), including 67.6% accuracy on MedQA (US Medical License Exam questions), surpassing prior state-of-the-art by over 17%. However, human evaluation reveals key gaps in Flan-PaLM responses. To resolve this we introduce instruction prompt tuning, a parameter-efficient approach for aligning LLMs to new domains using a few exemplars. The resulting model, Med-PaLM, performs encouragingly, but remains inferior to clinicians. We show that comprehension, recall of knowledge, and medical reasoning improve with model scale and instruction prompt tuning, suggesting the potential utility of LLMs in medicine. Our human evaluations reveal important limitations of today's models, reinforcing the importance of both evaluation frameworks and method development in creating safe, helpful LLM models for clinical applications.

Migraine is a high-prevalence and disabling neurological disorder. However, information migraine management in real-world settings could be limited to traditional health information sources. In this paper, we (i) verify that there is substantial migraine-related chatter available on social media (Twitter and Reddit), self-reported by migraine sufferers; (ii) develop a platform-independent text classification system for automatically detecting self-reported migraine-related posts, and (iii) conduct analyses of the self-reported posts to assess the utility of social media for studying this problem. We manually annotated 5750 Twitter posts and 302 Reddit posts. Our system achieved an F1 score of 0.90 on Twitter and 0.93 on Reddit. Analysis of information posted by our 'migraine cohort' revealed the presence of a plethora of relevant information about migraine therapies and patient sentiments associated with them. Our study forms the foundation for conducting an in-depth analysis of migraine-related information using social media data.

Human linguistic capacity is often characterized by compositionality and the generalization it enables -- human learners can produce and comprehend novel complex expressions by composing known parts. Several benchmarks exploit distributional control across training and test to gauge compositional generalization, where certain lexical items only occur in limited contexts during training. While recent work using these benchmarks suggests that pretrained models achieve impressive generalization performance, we argue that exposure to pretraining data may break the aforementioned distributional control. Using the COGS benchmark of Kim and Linzen (2020), we test two modified evaluation setups that control for this issue: (1) substituting context-controlled lexical items with novel character sequences, and (2) substituting them with special tokens represented by novel embeddings. We find that both of these setups lead to lower generalization performance in T5 (Raffel et al., 2020), suggesting that previously reported results have been overestimated due to uncontrolled lexical exposure during pretraining. The performance degradation is more extreme with novel embeddings, and the degradation increases with the amount of pretraining data, highlighting an interesting case of inverse scaling.